Superego ego id5/3/2023 ![]() You feel sure that you are informed of all that goes on in your mind if it is of any importance at all, because in that case, you believe, your consciousness gives you news of it. Thus, the self can always be referred to by the word “I” even when the latter features in such diverse contexts as moral judgments, inner sensations, sense perceptions, intentions, or physical actions (“I deem that irresponsible,” “I feel a pain,” “I heard a bang,” “I plan to retreat,” “I kicked the ball”). Combined with these two characteristics of being the essence and being a subject was the idea of being unitary, single, and undivided over time. The self was regarded as the subject of both our mental and physical actions, that is, the thinker of our thoughts, experiencer of our experiences, perceiver of our perceptions, feeler of our feelings, as well as the initiator of our physical actions, the agent. Freudīefore Freud, the vast majority of European philosophers-from Plato and Aristotle to Kant and Descartes-regarded human beings as having an essence to which they gave the name “soul” or “self.” The main characteristic of this supposed entity, apart from it constituting our “core,” was that it was “the subject.” The meaning of the word subject here is connected to its grammatical meaning as when we say “the subject of the sentence,” the thing that carries out the action denoted by the verb. The bulk of this essay will consist of demonstrating how such theoretical directions run counter to Freud’s intentions and represent a return to an earlier, more narcissistic mode of thinking from which Freud enabled us to free ourselves. 304), but “the self” is a theme throughout his writing, and he regards self-experience as “more than can be accounted for by our structural hypotheses” (p. Khan (1974/1996) dislikes the adjective “true” in Winnicott’s phrase (and he accuses Guntrip of falling into the “danger of romanticization of a pure-self system,” p. He regards the “true self” as “the historical kernel of the infant’s instinctual and ego dispositions” (p. ![]() 8), both of which, for him, form part of the constitution of the self. For Bollas (1987), the true self consists not only of the id but also of the ego, because the latter contains the “organizing idiom” and the “factor of personality” (p. Bollas and Khan have taken on from Winnicott the idea of the self as an entity, although they differentiate themselves from Winnicott in the following ways. Guntrip (1968) depicts the evolution of psychoanalytic theory as consisting of four stages before it was able to reach its highpoint as “a theory of the ego as a real personal self” (p. In England, Winnicott introduced the idea of a “true self” linking it with the id. xv), “a content of the mental apparatus” (p. In America, it was Kohut (1971) who began talking of the self as a “psychic structure” (p. ![]() All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS
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